Modern wheat cultivars have greater root nitrogen uptake efficiency than old cultivars

The availability of nitrogen (N) contained in crop residues for a following crop may vary with cultivar, depending on root traits and the interaction between roots and soil. We used a pot experiment to investigate the effects of six spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (three old varieties introduced before mid last century and three modern varieties) and N fertilization on the ability of wheat to acquire N from maize (Zea mays L.) straw added to soil. Wheat was grown in a soil where ¹⁵N‐labeled maize straw had been incorporated with or without N fertilization. Higher grain yield in three modern and one old cultivar was ascribed to preferred allocation of photosynthate to aboveground plant parts and from vegetative organs to grains. Root biomass, root length density and root surface area were all smaller in modern than in old cultivars at both anthesis and maturity. Root mean diameter was generally similar between modern and old cultivars at anthesis but was greater in modern than in old cultivars at maturity. There were cultivar differences in N uptake from incorporated maize straw and the other N sources (soil and fertilizer). However, these differences were not related to variation in the measured root parameters among the six cultivars. At anthesis, total N uptake efficiencies by roots (total N uptake per root weight or root length) were greater in modern than in old cultivars within each fertilization level. At maturity, averaged over fertilization levels, the total N uptake efficiencies by roots were 292?336 mg N g^?1 roots or 3.2?4.0 mg N m^?1 roots for three modern cultivars, in contrast to 132?213 mg N g^?1 roots or 0.93?1.6 mg N m^?1 roots for three old cultivars. Fertilization enhanced the utilization of N from maize straw by all cultivars, but root N uptake efficiencies were less affected. We concluded that modern spring wheat cultivars had higher root N uptake efficiency than old cultivars.     

SiO2纳米颗粒对黄瓜“新唐山秋瓜”幼苗根系 解剖结构和气体交换的影响

硅是地壳内含量第二丰富的元素。近年来,人们开始探索硅的纳米材料在农业领域的运用。为更好地将二氧化硅纳米颗粒应用于园艺植物生产,以黄瓜栽培品种新唐山秋瓜(Cucumissativuscv."QiuguaofNew Tangshan")为材料,采用盆栽的方式研究不同施入量下(0、5、10和20m L)浓度为30%的二氧化硅溶液对黄瓜根系解剖结构、根毛形成、黄瓜叶片光合色素含量、叶绿素荧光参数以及气体交换的影响。结果表明,二氧化硅纳米颗粒对黄瓜的根系解剖结构并没有显著的影响,但对根毛形成的影响较大,在每盆20m L二氧化硅溶液条件下的根毛密度最高。施入不同量的二氧化硅溶液对黄瓜叶片光合色素含量均有提高但并不明显,且在较低施入浓度下,光合作用机制得到一定的提高。黄瓜叶片的净光合速率随着二氧化硅施入量的增加逐渐增加,但施入量对蒸腾速率的影响不明显。综上,二氧化硅纳米颗粒通过促进根毛形成以及提高净光合速率能够提高植物的生长机理,进而促进植物生长和产量的提高,将其运用于农业生产及园艺作物生产上具有广阔前景。     

油棕叶梗重组方材制备工艺

以油棕叶梗为原材料、酚醛树脂为胶黏剂，采用正交试验方法研究重组方材密度、施胶量、热压时间和热压温度对油棕叶梗重组方材力学性能的影响。结果表明，密度对油棕叶梗重组方材性能的影响较大，密度和施胶量越大，重组方材力学性能越好；热压温度和热压时间对油棕叶梗重组方材性能的影响比较复杂。综合考虑确定油棕叶梗重组方材的较优制备工艺条件为:密度0.7 g/cm³，施胶量12%，热压温度180℃，热压时间40 min；较优工艺条件下油棕叶梗重组方材的弹性模量为7 185 MPa，静曲强度为68.7 MPa，顺纹抗压强度为35 MPa，内结合强度为0.21 MPa。密度为0.7 g/cm³的油棕叶梗重组方材的弹性模量、静曲强度、顺纹抗压强度高于了杉木的性能。     

栽培密度对高产大豆根系生长及花荚形成的影响

为探明栽培密度对高产大豆根系生长和花荚形成的影响规律，田间试验设置21.0（D₁）、30.0（D₂）、48.0（D₃）×104株·hm^-2 3种栽培密度，研究了新大豆27号、新大豆8号在0~60 cm土层中根系生长、开花、结荚过程及产量的变化。结果表明，相对于D1，D2、D3密度下新大豆27号总根干重增加了23.68%、18.48%，总根长增加了9.33%、26.72%，新大豆8号总根干重增加了27.25%、19.71%，总根长增加了6.94%、30.80%，且增量以40~60 cm为主；增加至密度D₃时，新大豆27号开花和结荚高峰出现时间较D₁分别推迟了2、8 d，新大豆8号推迟了2、6 d，但二者单位面积的总花数、总荚数、总腔数和总粒数分别较D₁提高了51.92%、10.29%、7.66%、23.05%和49.47%、31.91%、35.40%、16.11%；总花数与始荚期根干重、根长度呈正相关关系，新大豆27号R²值分别为0.8477^*、0.9106^*，新大豆8号R²值分别为0.7531、0.9993^**；总腔数与始粒期根干重、根长度呈正相关关系，新大豆27号R²值分别为0.6954、0.9837^**，新大豆8号R²值分别为0.7902^*、0.9277^*；且根长度与总花数、总腔数的关系比根干重更密切。合理密植显著提高大豆籽粒产量，是密植促进了大豆根系生长，增加了单位面积总根长和深层根量，进而增加了单位面积花数、荚数、腔数和粒数的结果。     

不同育苗基质下咖啡种间嫁接苗生长及光合特性

以大粒种咖啡（Caffea liberica）1号为砧木、中粒种咖啡（Caffea canephora）热研1号高产无性系为接穗形成种间嫁接苗,以棕榈叶+表土、棕榈叶+椰糠和椰糠+表土不同比例配置基质,比较不同处理下嫁接苗的根系形态、光合特性、生物量及苗木质量指数,筛选适宜育苗基质。结果表明：以棕榈叶+表土体积比1:0（M1）、7:3（M2）、1:1（M3）处理植株根尖数、净光合速率（P_n）、总生物量及苗木质量指数较高,较常规育苗配比（CK）,M1处理分别提高98.17%、25.88%、159.54%和142.86%,M2处理分别提高122.99%、39.11%、162.61%和151.40%,M3处理分别提高157.18%、40.47%、194.22%和214.29%,增幅均达显著水平,各处理植株根系形态指标、净光合速率、总生物量、苗木质量指数间呈极显著正相关。因此,M1、M2和M3处理混配基质均能较好的满足咖啡种间嫁接苗生长需要,建议推广应用。     

褪黑素浸种对大豆种子萌发过程中干旱胁迫的缓解效应

以大豆干旱敏感型品种绥农26为材料,采用室内培养法,研究不同浓度褪黑素(0、100、300、500、800μmol·L~(-1))浸种对6%PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫条件下大豆种子萌发的影响。结果表明:干旱胁迫处理抑制了大豆种子萌发,与对照(蒸馏水处理种子)相比,处理D(6%PEG处理种子)的发芽势、发芽率、根体积和鲜重显著降低,降幅分别为38.14%、23.72%、21.4%、25.6%;根系电导率、MDA和H_2O_2含量大幅上升,增幅分别为51.18%、83.33%和60.60%。而褪黑素浸种处理(100、300、500、800μmol·L~(-1))显著缓解了干旱胁迫对种子萌发的抑制,促进了根系生长,其中以根直径和干重提升最为显著,分别增加了16.38%、29.73%、34.97%、31.72%和10.70%、14.28%、10.70%、25.00%;抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT、APX)活性提高,其中处理M500+D(500μmol·L~(-1)褪黑素+6%PEG)效果最为显著,增幅分别为37.61%、40.10%、12.96%和28.31%。在6%PEG-6000模拟的干旱胁迫下,500μmol·L~(-1)褪黑素浸种处理对大豆种子萌发过程中干旱胁迫的缓解效果最佳。     

Crop rotation sequencing to minimize yield losses of summer-irrigated lowland rice in Myanmar caused by the rice root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola

Abstract

The effect of different rice-based crop rotation sequences on the population densities of Meloidogyne graminicola and on the yield of rice was evaluated in a microplot experiment under lowland rice field conditions. Ten treatments of cropping sequences were grown in four successive growing seasons: continuous growing of the susceptible rice cultivar Thihtatyin (rice-rice-rice-rice), four treatments of 1- season crop rotation sequences (rice-rice-chickpea-rice, rice-rice-black gram-rice, rice-rice-soybean-rice, rice-rice-cowpea-rice), and five treatments of 2-season crop rotation sequences (groundnut-rice-chickpea-rice, green gram-rice-black gram-rice, cowpea-rice-soybean-rice, sesame-rice-cowpea-rice, sunflower-rice-sesame-rice). Population densities of M. graminicola recovered from the rice plants and the nematode multiplication factors (Mf) in the soil in the continuous rice cropping sequence (rice-rice-rice-rice) was the highest among the ten cropping sequences. Lowest nematode Mf in the soil was observed in the 2-season crop rotation sequence sunflower-rice-sesame-rice and the highest was observed in the 1-season crop rotation sequence rice-rice-cowpea-rice among the nine crop rotation sequences. Highest rice yield was obtained in the 2-season crop rotation sequences green gram-rice-black gram-rice, sesame-rice-cowpea-rice and sunflower-rice-sesame-rice, which were about 2 times higher compared with the 1-season crop rotation sequences and about 3 times higher compared with the continuous rice cropping sequence.     

四种短体线虫的形态和分子生物学鉴定

 采用形态学和分子生物学方法对来自荷兰的藏橐吾和铃兰、泰国的高山榕、缅甸的香蕉等种苗(球)分别鉴定出玻利维亚短体线虫Pratylenchus bolivianus、铃兰短体线虫P. convallariae、咖啡短体线虫P. coffeae和斯佩奇短体线虫 P. speijeri。对这4种线虫的形态特征进行较为详细的描述后,认为头环、口针、侧区、生殖系统和尾形等形态特征是种类鉴定的重要依据;进一步利用引物28S-D2A/28S-D3Br扩增测序得到上述4种线虫的28S rRNA基因D2/D3区序列,序列分析发现玻利维亚短体线虫从欧洲到美洲的不同种群之间的遗传距离变异较小,仅为0~0.007;铃兰短体线虫同一种群不同个体之间的遗传变异较大,为0.006~0.029;咖啡短体线虫不同种群之间的平均遗传距离为0.013;斯佩奇短体线虫不同种群之间的平均遗传距离为0.010;咖啡短体线虫P. coffeae和斯佩奇短体线虫P. speijeri亲缘关系很近,二者种间平均遗传距离仅为0.026。本研究再次证明线虫28S rRNA基因D2/D3区基因序列可作为短体线虫种间鉴定的依据。     

水盐胁迫下根系提水作用对土壤盐分与番茄产量的影响

为探究水盐胁迫下番茄根系发生提水作用的可能性及其对土壤盐分分布和番茄产量的影响,利用上下桶分根装置,设定上桶不同水分(W1、W2、W3表示土壤含水率为田间持水率的60%～70%、50%～60%、40%～50%)和盐分条件(S0、S1、S2表示Na Cl添加量分别为干土质量的0、0.2%、0.4%),监测分析了水盐胁迫下根系提水量、上桶盐分分布及番茄产量。结果表明:随着生育期的推进,根系提水量呈现先增加后减小的趋势,其中盐分对番茄根系提水量影响显著,在相同水分处理条件下,盐分含量越高,根系提水量越大;水盐胁迫下,上桶盐分含量与根系提水量呈线性正相关,除W1S0处理外,上桶土壤电导率在提水量达到最大时有所增加;与对照处理W1S0相比,水盐抑制了根系生长,使根系活性显著下降,同一水分处理下,随着盐分的增加,根长、根表面积及根体积减小;盐分对番茄水分生产率有显著影响,在相同水分条件下,盐分越大,水分生产率越大,7种处理中W2S2水分生产率达到最大,而其产量较对照并未显著减小,生育期提水量占需水量的17.73%。本研究对进一步理解作物在"上干下湿"的土壤水盐胁迫下充分利用土壤剖面深层水分来维持上层根系生存和提高水分生产率具有科学价值。